Description
Product Usage Information
Western Blotting: 1:1000
Storage
Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA and 50% glycerol. Store at -20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody.
Protocol
Available protocols: Western Blotting
Specificity / Sensitivity
Phospho-PKCdelta (Tyr311) Antibody detects endogenous levels of PKCdelta only when phosphorylated at tyrosine 311. This antibody does not cross-react with other phosphorylated PKC isoforms.
Species Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat
Source / Purification
Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic phosphopeptide corresponding to residues surrounding Tyr313 of human PKCdelta (which is equivalent to Tyr311 in mouse and rat). Antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography.
Background
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is one of the earliest events in a cascade that controls a variety of cellular responses, including secretion, gene expression, proliferation, and muscle contraction (1,2). PKC isoforms belong to three groups based on calcium dependency and activators. Classical PKCs are calcium-dependent via their C2 domains and are activated by phosphatidylserine (PS), diacylglycerol (DAG), and phorbol esters (TPA, PMA) through their cysteine-rich C1 domains. Both novel and atypical PKCs are calcium-independent, but only novel PKCs are activated by PS, DAG, and phorbol esters (3-5). Members of these three PKC groups contain a pseudo-substrate or autoinhibitory domain that binds to substrate-binding sites in the catalytic domain to prevent activation in the absence of cofactors or activators. Control of PKC activity is regulated through three distinct phosphorylation events. Phosphorylation occurs at Thr500 in the activation loop, at Thr641 through autophosphorylation, and at the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic site Ser660 (2). Atypical PKC isoforms lack hydrophobic region phosphorylation, which correlates with the presence of glutamic acid rather than the serine or threonine residues found in more typical PKC isoforms. The enzyme PDK1 or a close relative is responsible for PKC activation. A recent addition to the PKC superfamily is PKCμ (PKD), which is regulated by DAG and TPA through its C1 domain. PKD is distinguished by the presence of a PH domain and by its unique substrate recognition and Golgi localization (6). PKC-related kinases (PRK) lack the C1 domain and do not respond to DAG or phorbol esters. Phosphatidylinositol lipids activate PRKs, and small Rho-family GTPases bind to the homology region 1 (HR1) to regulate PRK kinase activity (7). Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in PKCδ are suggested to play a role in determining its functional properties. Phosphorylated tyrosine residues have been identified in the catalytic domain, regulatory domain, and the hinge of PKCδ (8). While no clear designation of regulatory specificity had been deciphered based on phosphorylated tyrosine patterns, these various phosphorylations have been shown to decrease PKCδ protein level, increase kinase activity or increase selectivity of substrate specificity (8-10).
Alternate Names
ALPS3; CVID9; KPCD; MAY1; MGC49908; nPKC-delta; PKCD; PRKCD; protein kinase C delta; Protein kinase C delta type; Protein kinase C delta type catalytic subunit; Protein kinase C delta type regulatory subunit; protein kinase C delta VIII; protein kinase C, delta; SDK1; Sphingosine-dependent protein kinase-1; Tyrosine-protein kinase PRKCD
