Product Usage Information
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin): 1:50 - 1:200
Immunofluorescence (Frozen): 1:100 - 1:400
Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry): 1:800 - 1:3200
Flow Cytometry (Fixed/Permeabilized): 1:800
Storage
Supplied in PBS (pH 7.2), less than 0.1% sodium azide and 2 mg/ml BSA. Store at 4°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. Protect from light. Do not freeze.
Protocol
Available protocols: Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence (Frozen), Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry), Flow Cytometry (Fixed/Permeabilized)
Specificity / Sensitivity
Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (Alexa Fluor
Species Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a cytoskeleton preparation from A-431 cells. This antibody was conjugated to Alexa Fluor 647 under optimal conditions with an F/P ratio of 2-6. The Alexa Fluor 647 dye is maximally excited by red light (e.g. 633 nm He-Ne laser). Antibody conjugates of the Alexa Fluor 647 dye produce bright far-red-fluorescence emission, with a peak at 665 nm.
Background
Keratins (cytokeratins) are intermediate filament proteins that are mainly expressed in epithelial cells. Keratin heterodimers composed of an acidic keratin (or type I keratin, keratins K9-K28) and a basic keratin (or type II keratin, keratins K1-K8 and K71-K80) assemble to form filaments. Keratin isoforms demonstrate tissue- and differentiation-specific profiles that make them useful as research and clinical biomarkers (1,2). Dysregulation/mutations in keratin genes can lead to a variety of disorders affecting the skin, hair, nails, and other epithelial tissues (3). While expression of keratins can be variable, immunohistochemical staining of keratins is widely used to help in the identification and classification of epithelial tumors, and may also provide prognostic information. Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are expressed in simple epithelia of normal tissue, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the breast, lung, ovary, and gastrointestinal tract. Keratin 17 is expressed in basal keratinocytes of stratified epithelia, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. Onset of keratin 17 expression coincides with the definition of major epithelial lineages during skin development (4). Keratin 14 (K14) is expressed in basal cells of stratified epithelia, and in basal-like subtypes of breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas. Keratin 19 (K19) is expressed in glandular epithelia, including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the breast, thyroid, and bile duct. Keratin 20 (K20) is expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium, urothelium, and Merkel cells in the skin, as well as in colorectal carcinomas and some urothelial carcinomas. Keratin 5/6 (K5/6) is expressed in basal cells of stratified epithelia, including the skin, prostate, and breast, as well as in basal-like breast cancers, squamous cell carcinomas, and some lung carcinomas. Keratin 7 (K7) is expressed in glandular epithelia, such as those in the lung, breast, and female reproductive tract, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovary (5,6). Keratins, particularly K8, K18, and K19, serve as biomarkers for identification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) (5). Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, glycosylation, and transamidation, have been shown to affect the functions of keratins in normal and disease states (6). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these PTMs may provide insights into cancer pathogenesis.
Alternate Names
56 cytoskeletal type II keratin; 58 kDa cytokeratin; BCIE; BIE; CARD2; Cell proliferation-inducing gene 46 protein; cell proliferation-inducing protein 46; CK-10; CK-13; CK-18; CK-4; CK-5; CK-6A; CK-6B; CK-6C; CK-6D; CK-6E; CK-8; CK10; CK13; CK4; CK5; CK6A; CK6B; CK6C; CK6D; CK8; CYK18; CYK4; CYK8; cytokeratin 10; cytokeratin 13; cytokeratin 18; cytokeratin 4; cytokeratin 6A; cytokeratin 6B; cytokeratin 6C; cytokeratin 6D; cytokeratin 8; Cytokeratin-10; Cytokeratin-13; Cytokeratin-18; Cytokeratin-4; Cytokeratin-5; Cytokeratin-6A; Cytokeratin-6B; Cytokeratin-6C; Cytokeratin-6D; Cytokeratin-6E; Cytokeratin-8; DDD; DDD1; EBS2; EHK; epidermolysis bullosa simplex 2 Dowling-Meara/Kobner/Weber-Cockayne types; FLJ31692; K10; K13; K18; K1C10; K1C13; K1C18; K2C4; K2C5; K2C6A; K2C6B; K2C6C; K2C8; K4; K5; K6A; K6B; K6C; K6D; K6D keratin; K6E; K8; keratin 10; keratin 10, type I; keratin 13; keratin 13, type I; keratin 18; keratin 18, type I; keratin 4; keratin 4, type II; keratin 5; keratin 5 (epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Dowling-Meara/Kobner/Weber-Cockayne types); keratin 5, type II; Keratin 6; keratin 6A; keratin 6A, , type II; keratin 6A, type II; keratin 6B; keratin 6B, type II; keratin 6C; keratin 6C, type II; keratin 6E; keratin 8; keratin 8, type II; Keratin K6h; Keratin-10; Keratin-13; Keratin-18; Keratin-4; Keratin-5; Keratin-6A; Keratin-6B; Keratin-6C; Keratin-8; keratin-like 1 (a type II keratin sequence); keratin, epidermal type II, K6A; keratin, epidermal type II, K6C; keratin, epidermal, type II, K6B; Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10; Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 13; Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 18; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 4; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6B; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6C; keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6D; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 8; KO; KPP; KRT10; KRT13; KRT18; KRT4; KRT5; KRT5A; KRT6A; KRT6B; KRT6C; KRT6D; KRT6E; KRT8; KRTL1; MGC102925; MGC161462; MGC163455; MGC163457; MGC3781; PC2; PC3; PC4; PPKNEFD; type II keratin isoform K6c; Type-II keratin Kb10; Type-II keratin Kb12; Type-II keratin Kb4; Type-II keratin Kb5; Type-II keratin Kb6; Type-II keratin Kb8; WSN1; WSN2
